Endometrial dysfunction represents a central pathological factor underlying recurrent implantation failure and infertility. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the physiological basis of endometrial function, the pathological factors compromising …
Female reproductive tissues repeatedly undergo controlled inflammation, immune adaptation, and tissue repair. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) sit at the center of these processes, but …
Female infertility affects millions of women worldwide and is frequently caused by ovulatory disorders and uterine pathologies. Among these, endometrial abnormalities play a central role, especially in cases of embryo …
Female reproductive disorders present significant challenges worldwide. Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a structurally diverse class of non-coding RNAs mainly comprising tRNA halves (tiRNAs) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), have emerged …
Traditional view holds that the uterus is a sterile environment. However, with the increased development of molecular biology technologies, this classical theory has been re-examined. Increasing evidence shows that a …
Infertility affects one in six individuals worldwide despite the advancement of assisted reproductive technologies. Successful embryo implantation is the first step of pregnancy, which relies on the establishment of a …
The origin of ectopic gynecologic lesions has been debated since 1927, when Sampson first proposed retrograde menstruation as the underlying cause of endometriosis. Reproduction in mammals is an unusually permissive …
Three-dimensional (3D) organoid and co-culture models have emerged as transformative tools for studying human endometrial function, implantation, and placental development, overcoming key limitations of animal and two-dimensional in vitro systems. …
The hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) family participates in key physiological processes such as follicular development, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and embryo implantation by regulating the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, and plays …
Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PGR) are essential regulators for endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. Their expression is dysregulated in women with endometriosis-associated infertility. However, the relationship between …