β-Glucuronidase (β-G, EC 3.2.1.31) reverses phase II glucuronidation, and microbial β-G at the gut-liver interface reactivates biliary and circulating conjugates, closing enterohepatic loops for drugs, estrogens, bile acids, and bilirubin. …
The human microbiome, a dynamic endocrine organ, exerts profound systemic influence through the production of bioactive metabolites. While the microbiome-gut-brain axis is well-established, the direct conduit between the gut microbiota …